The use of cosmetic products has always played an important role in human society, and has reflected the social and cultural changes it has undergone throughout history. The natural ingredients that were used to manufacture cosmetics until the early twentieth century have now been largely replaced by synthetic chemicals used as emulsifiers, preservatives, thickeners, moisturizers, colouring agents or fragrances. Synthetic cosmetic ingredients may include sensitising substances or irritants such as parabens and para-phenylenediamine and other toxic substances, such as formaldehyde and heavy metals, may be present as contaminants, especially in illegal cosmetic products. Although the doses of potentially harmful chemicals present in cosmetics are generally low, due to their direct contact with the epidermis and mucous membranes, they can be readily adsorbed and reach the bloodstream, leading to significant internal exposure. The probability and intensity of adverse effects following exposure to hazardous substances in cosmetic products can be largely modulated by individual susceptibility factors, to which gender-related traits make a significant contribution.
This paper provides a short overview of cosmetics regulations, the manufacture of cosmetic products, and the potential effects on health, placing emphasis on the health implications of gender-related differences in chemical susceptibility and the use of cosmetics.